Thursday, January 23, 2025

ba place space

 Bernie Clark., From the Gita to the Grail : exploring yoga stories & western myths, 2014

p.345
     ... literal definition of dukkha: ka means "space," an empty space such as you would find in the middle of a wheel.  Imagine a chariot wheel with the hole where the axel rod goes perfectly in the center--the ride would be very smooth and pleasant.  This is called sukha--the wheel is perfectly centered.  Sukkha is often translated as "happiness."

     (From the Gita to the Grail : exploring yoga stories & western myths, 
by Bernie Clark, Blue River press, Indianapolis, copyright © 2014, p.345)
   ____________________________________

Hitotsubashi on knowledge management
Hirotaka Takeuchi (and) Ikujiro Nonaka

pp.101—102
BA: a knowledge-creating place

Knowledge needs a physical context for it to be created.  As stated previously, knowledge is context-specific, as it depends on a particular time and space (Hayek, 1945).  Knowledge does not just exist in one's cognition.  Rather, it is created in situated action (Suchman, 1987).  Therefore, the knowledge-creating process is necessarily context-specific in terms of time, space, and relationship with others.  Knowledge cannot be created in a vacuum, and needs a place where information is given meaning through interpretation to become knowledge.
    ... we introduce the concept of "ba" (which roughly means "place").  Building on the concept that was originally proposed by the Japanese philosopher Kitaro Nishida (1921, 1970), we define ba as a shared context in motion, in which knowledge is shared, created, and untilized.
    ... knowledge as "a stream of meaning" emerges (Bohm, 1996).  New knowledge is created from existing knowledge through the change of meanings and contexts.  In this chapter, the conceptualization of ba is extended to cover the interdependent interaction between the agents and structures.
    Although it is easier to consider ba as a physical space such as a meeting room, ba should be understood as 'Interactions' that occur at specific time and space.  Ba can emerge in individuals, working groups, project teams, informal circles, temporary meetings, virtual spaces such as email groups, and at the front-line contact with the customer.  Ba is an existential place where participants share their contexts and create new meanings through interactions.  Participants of ba bring in their own contexts, and through interactions with others and the environment, the contexts of ba, participants, and the environment change (see Figure 4.3).

FIGURE 4.3
Conceptual representation of Ba
(see book for picture drawing)
          Knowledge
          Individual context
              Shared context
                 Existential ba (emotion, recognition, value, action)
                    Physical ba
                     Virtual ba

    (Takeuchi & Nonaka)
(Christina L. Ahmadjian, Satoshi Akutsu, Kazuo Ichijo, Yoko Ishikura, Ken Kusunoki, Ikujiro Nonaka, Emi Osono, Hirotaka Takeuchi, Ryoko Toyama)
(Hirotaka Takeuchi (and) Ikujiro Nonaka, Hitotsubashi on knowledge management, copyright © 2004, HD 30.2.T343 2004, pp.101—102)
   ____________________________________

tao te ching 
by lao tsu

a new translation by  gai-fu feng 
                 and  jane english

eleven

thirty spokes share the wheel's hub;
it is the center hole that makes it useful.
shape clay into a vessel;
it is the space within that makes it useful.
cut doors and windows for a room;
it is the holes which make it useful.
therefore profit comes from what is there;
usefulness from what is not there. 

[[ get the Chinese language version of this ]]
[[ get other translation of the Chinese language ]]
[[ get gutenberg translation ]]
[[ this section should get its own file ]]


https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/216/pg216.txt

11. The thirty spokes unite in the one nave; 
     but it is on the empty space (for the axle), 
     that the use of the wheel depends.  
    Clay is fashioned into vessels; 
     but it is on their empty hollowness, 
     that their use depends.  
    The door and windows are cut out (from the walls) to form an apartment;
     but it is on the empty space (within), 
     that its use depends.  
   Therefore, what has a (positive) existence serves for profitable adaptation, and  what has not that for (actual) usefulness.

https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/216/pg216.txt



https://www.yellowbridge.com/onlinelit/daodejing.php
https://www.yellowbridge.com/onlinelit/daodejing11.php

Legge's Translation
     The Use of What Has No Substantive Existence

The thirty spokes unite in the one nave; but it is on the empty space (for the axle), that the use of the wheel depends. Clay is fashioned into vessels; but it is on their empty hollowness that their use depends. The door and windows are cut out (from the walls) to form an apartment; but it is on the empty space (within), that its use depends.

Therefore, what has a (positive) existence serves for profitable adaptation, and what has not that for (actual) usefulness.


Susuki's Translation
The Function of the Non-Existent

Thirty spokes unite in one nave and on that which is non-existent [on the hole in the nave] depends the wheel's utility. Clay is moulded into a vessel and on that which is non-existent [on its hollowness] depends the vessel's utility. By cutting out doors and windows we build a house and on that which is non-existent [on the empty space within depends the house's utility.

Therefore, existence renders actual but non-existence renders useful.


Goddard's Translation
The Value of Non-Existence

Although the wheel has thirty spokes its utility lies in the emptiness of the hub. The jar is made by kneading clay, but its usefulness consists in its capacity. A room is made by cutting out windows and doors through the walls, but the space the walls contain measures the room's value.

In the same way matter is necessary to form, but the value of reality lies in its immateriality.(Or thus: a material body is necessary to existence, but the value of a life is measured by its immaterial soul.)

https://www.yellowbridge.com/onlinelit/daodejing11.php
https://www.yellowbridge.com/onlinelit/daodejing.php
 
 
 tao te ching online translation
Chinese and English (side-by-side)
 chapter 11

thirty spokes join in one hub
in its emptiness, there is the function of a vehicle
mix clay to create a container
in its emptiness, there is the function of a container
cut open doors and windows to create a room
in its emptiness, there is the function of a room
therefore, that which exists is used to create benefit
that which is empty is used to create functionality

https://taoism.net/tao-te-ching-online-translation/
   ____________________________________

 •─ to make space for each other, 
 •─ the power dynamic isn't necessarily a given but something that is negotiated by two people who make space for each other, even if one person is the breadwinner. 

Anupreeta Das., Billionaire, nerd, savior, king: Bill Gates and his quest to shape our world, [2024]

p.164
French Gates, 2022
psychotherapist Ether Perel's masterclass on relational intelligence.25  It taught her, she said, to think about power and collaboration within a relationship, and that the power dynamic isn't necessarily a given but something that is negotiated by two people who make space for each other, even if one person is the breadwinner. 

p.295
25.  Alexa Mikhail, “Melinda Gates took a Master class on relationships to prepare to date after divorce.  Here are the key pieces of advice”, Fortune, October 15, 2022. 

   ( Das, Anupreeta (journalist), author.
Billionaire, nerd, savior, king: Bill Gates and his quest to shape our world / Anupreeta Das.
[2024]
includes bibliographical references and index.
LCCN (print)
LCCN (ebook)
ISBN (hardcover)
ISBN (trade paperback)
ISBN (ebook)
subjects:  Gates, Bill, 1955─ |
business people ─ united states ─ biography.|
computer scientists ─ united states ─ biography. |
philanthropists ─ united states ─ biography. |
bisac: biography & autobiography / rich & famous |
social science / philanthropy & charity 
classification: 
https://lccn.loc.gov/2024014139
https://lccn.loc.gove/2024014140
                                )
   ____________________________________

https://fortune.com/well/2022/10/15/melinda-gates-took-esther-perel-masterclass-on-relationships-as-she-prepares-to-date/

Melinda French Gates took a MasterClass on relationships to prepare to date after divorce. Here are the key pieces of advice
written BY  Alexa Mikhail
October 15, 2022 at 5:00 AM PDT
Updated November 11, 2022 at 7:38 AM PST


Melinda French Gates is discovering new ways to show up in a relationship.

After being vulnerable about how her public divorce, announced in May 2021, was “unbelievably painful in innumerable ways,” the philanthropist says she’s been thinking more deeply about the kinds of relationships she aspires to have in her future, both professionally and romantically. And to do that, she took a few notes from famed psychotherapist and author Esther Perel, sharing at Fortune’s Most Powerful Women Summit in California in October that she had just completed the relationship expert’s MasterClass on relational intelligence. 

“One of the things [Perel] talks about is power,” French Gates said at the summit. “I both have a relationship with my former husband at work, and hopefully eventually I’ll have a relationship personally with somebody outside of work, but we have to think about power inside of a relationship and how do you share that and share that collaboratively.”

In her MasterClass, Perel underscores that power—“intrinsic in all relationships”—isn’t something you have to give away but rather is something you can share and build on together with a partner. 

Here are some of the key takeaways from Perel’s class on how to create and maintain healthy relationships in every aspect of your life: 

Establish shared power in a relationship   

“The question always is, is it power ‘over’ or is it power ‘to,’” Perel says in her class, explaining that the latter can be “inviting,” “collaborative,” and “active.” Contrary to popular belief, we don’t fall into power positions in interpersonal relationships—and Perel challenges the idea that the breadwinner automatically holds the power. But what power can look like is the person who may have more resources at the moment making space for the other partner to spend more time caring for an aging parent, for example, or take a class they have always wanted to attend, which can help establish shared power and weaken a perceived power imbalance.

Once seen as fixed in interpersonal relationships, power instead is fluid and something worth negotiating, Perel says.

“The main question is not do I have power, but do I have agency?” says Perel in her class. “Can I take certain steps separately from what you are doing to me or to us?” 

People have agency regardless of money, or being the decision-maker or assertive one. Power evolves, and once we understand how, it’s more clear that it can come from the bottom or the top whether it be at work or in personal relationships, Perel explains in her class. 

Having power—or I suppose agency—serves as an opportunity to uplift a partner rather than assert dominance over them. 

Take risks with a partner to build trust 

Some people need to trust someone before ever taking a risk with a partner, but Perel says taking a risk may also help build that trust. 

Try taking a “micro risk,” Perel suggests, by doing something novel in your relationship. It might look like sharing something new with a partner, and saying no or even saying yes to something you wouldn’t normally. This practice can help build trust over time and encourage more risk-taking behaviors. 

Feeling the betrayal of trust breaking is a common human experience, but these “ruptures,” as Perel puts it, can be mended, like how a plate can shatter but get put back together even if the cracks make it look different. The plate’s iterations matter. 

Understand your biases 

Whether we like it or not, sometimes we assume someone will act a certain way, even betray us, before we really give them the chance to prove otherwise. Many people enter relationships with the expectations of what will be, and this can inhibit the ability to empathize, set boundaries, and understand one’s role with a partner. Combat this by being curious or asking questions to understand where someone else is coming from, Perel says in her class. If one partner grew up as an only child and the other as the oldest of four siblings, the roles assumed as an adult and in future relationships stem from fundamentally different perspectives. It’s the “context” that matters, Perel says. 

Show up with self-awareness 

It’s a fallacy to believe you walk into a new relationship with a clean slate—as much as we may wish to. Everything that we go through builds on itself to shape how we show up in a new relationship, and therefore, self-awareness is the first building block to developing relational intelligence.

Developing a self-awareness in the context of our so-called unofficial résumé—or relationship history—brings vulnerability to the forefront and paves the way for a more authentic connection. 

“Whether you have had a focus that emphasizes autonomy and self-reliance, or whether you grew up with a focus that emphasizes loyalty and interdependence. That unofficial résumé is our story, and stories are what bind us to people. That’s the bridge,” Perel noted during the Fortune summit. 

This type of reflection can broaden our perspective and make it easier to discern our strengths and weaknesses when we enter a relationship; the awareness can also help us let go of some of the “stories” or assumptions we tell about ourselves that have been constricting our ability to grow in a relationship. 

Once viewed as subordinate to other foundational skills, emotional and relational intelligence now feels imperative to having success with others, especially in a world fundamentally changed by the technological landscape that can mask emotions in others that were once so easily observable. 

And when French Gates was asked how cochairing a multibillion-dollar foundation with her ex-husband “is going” at the summit, she noted that her focus also lies in sharing her unofficial résumé.

“I think what it has taught me is something I had always longed to do, which is to be my most authentic self in every place I show up,” French Gates said.
   ____________________________________

he [Gadamer] is concerned with figuring out the meaning of understanding
what is it, what do we mean when we say or what can we mean 
the range of meanings we can have when we talk about understanding something
understanding a person,
understanding a piece of religious artifact,  
understanding a movie, 
understanding a piece of art, 
understanding a text, 
and kind of understanding that a scientist has after they interpreted 
some scientific results 
what he tries to do is open up 
have a picture, have a concept of understanding that is big enough
that doesn't dismiss Natural Sciences
doesn't distort our concept of human sciences
  ...
he [Gadamer] puts forward four key concepts that come from the humanist tradition
these four concepts are the 
concept of common sense or senses ... 
concept of ...  (cultivation), translated to education or formation 
judgement and
taste 

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Truth_and_Method
  concept of  Bildung (culture)
  concept of  Sensus communis
  concept of  Judgement
  concept of  Taste
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Truth_and_Method
  ...
common sense comes from belonging to a community, 
acting appropriately in a community, 
knowing how to act appropriately in a community without
always being able to explain why
being able to explain all the rule

common sense as social sense

bildung - a process of opening up a space, go into that space, and come back
so for example, you learn to read ancient philosophical text
you learn drawing, you learn oil painting or
you learn to play an instrument
you learn to play tennis or rock climbing
everyone of these things involve bildung
it involves opening up a space, where you go to that activity,
you do something that is specific special to that space, 
 to that activity, and then you come back from it 
so somebody who has gone through a bildung has  wide space of available
positions where he or she can go to them and come back, 
each position involves transcending initial prejudices 
the limits of this person's prejudice
subjective prejudices
possibly reaching a view point that is more universal
is more general 
is more available to a wider group of people


source:
        10:03
        Gadamer's Truth & Method
         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKapfppUosw
         https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKapfppUosw
Davood Gozli
  Feb 13, 2020
This video is about Hans-Georg Gadamer and his book, Truth & Method. I begin by comparing the difference between secondary sources about Gadamer and a direct engagement with Gadamer's text. The text itself is rich, stimulating, and evokes the image of an author as someone who is himself intensely studying the history of ideas, the humanist tradition, and the nature of understanding. Moreover, I discuss the four core concepts, which according to Gadamer, are at the core of the humanist tradition: Bildung, Sensus Communis, Judgment, and Taste.
   ____________________________________

‘’•─“”
<------------------------------------------------------------------------>
πόλλ' οἶδ' ἀλώπηξ,ἀλλ' ἐχῖνος ἓν μέγα πόλλ' οἶδ' ἀλώπηξ,ἀλλ' ἐχῖνος ἓν μέγα
   ____________________________________
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     (Ackoff's best : his classic writings on management, Russell L. Ackoff., © 1999, hardcover, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p.139)

   “This [copy & paste reference note] is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is [archive] with the understanding that the [researcher, investigator] is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.”
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--
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of the publisher.  

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failure to see the world as humanly made (reification)

      •   “The failure to see the world as humanly made is 
          called reification, which can also be defined 
          as the tendency to see the humanly made world 
          as having a will and force of its own, apart 
          from human beings.   ...   But if we talk about 
          technology as if it were a force in its own 
          right, the people who do the building and 
          choosing disappear.   ...   Reification keeps 
          us from seeing that the force attributed to 
          technology comes from PEOPLE choosing to do 
          things together in certain ways.  
          If we don't see this, we may forget to ask 
          important questions, such as, Who is choosing 
          to build what kinds of devices?  Why?  
          How will our society be changed?  
          Who stands to benefit and who stands to lose 
          because of these changes?  Should we avoid 
          these changes?  Who will be held accountable 
          if these changes hurt people?”; pp.21-23, 
          Michael Schwalbe, The sociologically examined life, 1998.   
<------------------------------------------------------------------------>
reify [< L. res, thing (see REAL) + FY] to treat (an abstraction) as substantially existing, or as a concrete material object--reification n.

Alfred Korzybski's work maintained that human beings are limited in what they know by 
     (1) the structure of their nervous systems, and 
     (2) the structure of their languages. 

[pp.21-23]
It is not easy to become and remain mindful of the social world as humanly made.  For many reason the social world seems to be "just there," as if no one were responsible for making it.  So what?  What difference does it make if we forget that the social world is a human invention?  The difference it makes is like that between using one's tools with an awareness of what they are good for and letting those tools--as if they had minds and will of their own--take charge.
    The failure to see the world as humanly made is called reification, which can also be defined as the tendency to see the humanly made world as having a will and force of its own, apart from human beings.  For example, someone might say, “Computer technology is the major force behind changes in our economy today.”  In this statement, computer technology is reified because it is spoken of as having a will of its own, independent of human beings.  It is technology that appears to make things happen.
    "Computer technology," however, is only metal and plastic.  People forge these materials, turn them into computers and other devices, and then decide how to put such tools to work.  All along the way there are people who choose what to build and how to use the results.  But if we talk about technology as if it were a force in its own right, the people who do the building and choosing disappear.  It thus seems as if technology is like gravity or the wind--a natural force about which we can do nothing.
    Reification keeps us from seeing that the force attributed to technology comes from PEOPLE choosing to do things together in certain ways.  If we don't see this, we may forget to ask important questions, such as, Who is choosing to build what kinds of devices?  Why?  How will our society be changed?  Who stands to benefit and who stands to lose because of these changes?  Should we avoid these changes?  Who will be held accountable if these changes hurt people?  Should we decide to use technology in some other ways?
    Here is another example of reification: “The market responded with enthusiasm to today's rise in interest rates, although economists predict that this could have unfavorable consequences for employment.”  You've probably heard this kind of statement before.  It sounds like a report about a flood or some other natural disaster.  Yet a market is just a lot people doing things together in a certain way; interest rates established by people; and employment results from choices by employers.  Reification makes these people and their choices disappear.
    In a large complex society the tendency to reify is strong because it can be hard to see where, how, and by whom decisions are made.  And so it is easier to say that technology, the market or a mysterious THEY is making things happen.  Even people who ought to know better get caught up in this.  When sociologists say things like “Trends in inner-city industrial development are causing changes in family structure,” they too are guilty of reification.  Such language again makes it seem as if no one is responsible for choosing to act in a way that hurts or helps others.
    Reification thus keeps us from seeing who is doing what to whom, and how, such that certain consequences arise.  This makes it hard to hold anyone accountable for the good or bad results arising from their actions.  Usually it is powerful people whose actions are hidden and who get off the hook.
    Reification can also make us feel powerless because the social world comes to seem like a place that is beyond human control.  If we attribute independent force to abstractions such as "technology," "the market," "government," "trends," "social structure," or "society," then it can seem pointless even to try to intervene and make things happen differently.  We might as well try to stop the tides.  People who think this way are likely to remain passive even when they see others being put out of work, living in poverty, or caught up in war, because they will feel that nothing can be done.
    When we reify the social world we are confusing its reality with that of stars and trees and bacteria.  These things indeed exist (as material entities) independent of human ideas and action.  But no part of the social world does.  To reify is to forget this; it is to forget to be mindful of the social world as a humanly made place.  As a result, we forget that it is within our collective power to re-create the world in a better way.  If we are sociologically mindful, we recognize that the social world as it now exists is just one of many possibilities.
“”
(Schwalbe, Michael, 1956-, The sociologically examined life: pieces of the conversation, copyright © 2008, 2005, 2001, 1998)
(The sociologically examined life: pieces of the conversation / Michael Schwalbe.--4th ed., 1. sociology--methodology., 2. sociology--philosophy., pp.21-23 )
   ____________________________________

From 
        Evolving Reactions: 60 Years with March and Simon’s
‘Organizations’
written by Karl E. Weick, University of Michigan
Journal of Management Studies

   ...  ...  ... 
   ...  ...  ... 
   ...  ...  ... 

‘when nouns begin to live their own lives, separated and disconnected from the process that created them. . . (But) nounmaking is an indispensable ingredient for coming to grips with processes, the point being that we make nouns from processes in order to make sense of processes. . . we freeze processes into entities, precisely in order to make sense of the fluid, “real” world’ (Bakken and Hernes, 2006, pp. 1601–2).


REIFICATION

My favourite sentence in the M&S book is this one: ‘The reification of the organization’s conceptual scheme is particularly noticeable in uncertainty absorption’ (p. 165). 
Here’s why that’s my favourite. It is a compact description of a cognitive perspective on organizational life. Perceptions are edited into concepts. Concepts edit perceptions. Organizations attempt to constrain decision-making by valuing a handful of concepts (conceptual
scheme); by socializing employees to see the world as embodied in those concepts (reification); and by relying on those reifications to absorb uncertainties for people facing flux

[[ absorptive capacity, defined as the ability of organization to incorporate external knowledge (Cohen and Levinthal 1990).  
   ability to interpret, apply, and build on this information
ability to convert available external information into internal knowledge. 
   conditions that facilitate or impede knowledge transfer (knowledge transfer is a form of learning)
   source:
          A Behavioral Theory of the Firm —40 Years and Counting: Introduction and
Impact

written by Linda Argote
and
written by Henrich R. Greve

 Key words: behavioral theory; bounded rationality; search; aspiration levels; organizational learning; routines; innovation
Organization Science
Vol. 18, No. 3, May–June 2007, pp. 337–349
   ]]


K. E. Weick

Evolving Reactions: 60 years with ‘Organizations’

on behalf of the organization. In the basic M&S argument, inferences are drawn from evidence and the inferences rather than the evidence itself are communicated.
     What gets communicated by ongoing reification may seem stable but it is dangerous and can lead to what James (1987) called ‘vicious abstractions’. ‘We conceive a concrete situation by singling out some salient or important feature in it, and classing it under that; then, instead of adding to its previous characters all the positive consequences which the new way of conceiving it may bring, we proceed to use our concept privatively; reducing the originally rich phenomenon to the naked suggestions of that name abstractly taken, treating it as a case of “nothing but” that concept, and acting as if all the other characters from out of which the concept is abstracted were expunged.  Abstraction, functioning in this way, becomes a means of arrest far more than a means of advance in thought’ (p. 951).  It is these ‘means of arrest’ that establish the stability of organizations but in doing so foreshadow the organization’s diminished adaptation and accelerated decline.
     M&S echo James’s commentary when they observe that the technical vocabulary and classification schemes in an organization provide a set of concepts that can be used in analysing and communicating about its problems. ‘Anything that is easily described and discussed in terms of these concepts can be communicated readily in the organization: anything that does not fit the system of concepts is communicated only with difficulty, hence, the world tends to be perceived by the organization members in terms of the particular concepts that are reflected in the organization’s vocabulary.  The particular categories and schemes of classification it employs are reified, and become for members of the organization attributes of the world rather than mere conventions’ (pp. 164–5).
     In an effort to call attention to reification and reduce it, I naively counselled theorists to ‘stamp out nouns’ (Weick, 1979, p. 44). I wanted descriptions that were more attuned to impermanence and to process, flows, reaccomplishment, and emergence. Misplaced concreteness was the villain. Bakken and Hernes (2006), however, disagreed and returned more to the spirit of M&S by virtue of their close reading of Whitehead.  True, there is a danger of misplaced concreteness ‘when nouns begin to live their own lives, separated and disconnected from the process that created them. . . (But) nounmaking is an indispensable ingredient for coming to grips with processes, the point being that we make nouns from processes in order to make sense of processes. . . we freeze processes into entities, precisely in order to make sense of the fluid, “real” world’ (Bakken and Hernes, 2006, pp. 1601–2).


source:
        Evolving Reactions: 60 Years with March and Simon’s
‘Organizations’
written by Karl E. Weick, University of Michigan
Journal of Management Studies
doi: 10.1111/joms.12289
56:8 December 2019

<------------------------------------------------------------------------>

ba place space

  Bernie Clark., From the Gita to the Grail : exploring yoga stories & western myths, 2014 p.345      ... literal definition of dukkha: ...